Esposito, and supported by the JPL, Lockheed Martin and the University of California. The other finalist, POSSE (Pluto and Outer Solar System Explorer), was a separate, but similar Pluto mission concept by the University of Colorado Boulder, led by principal investigator Larry W. It was later selected as one of two finalists to be subject to a three-month concept study, in June 2001. The New Horizons proposal was one of five that were officially submitted to NASA. New Horizons was based largely on Stern's work since Pluto 350 and involved most of the team from Pluto Kuiper Express. Appointed as the project's principal investigator, Stern was described by Krimigis as "the personification of the Pluto mission". Stamatios "Tom" Krimigis, head of the Applied Physics Laboratory's space division, one of many entrants in the New Frontiers Program competition, formed the New Horizons team with Alan Stern in December 2000. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip." The call eventually led to a series of proposed Pluto missions, leading up to New Horizons. In August 1992, JPL scientist Robert Staehle called Pluto discoverer Clyde Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. The mission, led by the Applied Physics Laboratory and Alan Stern, eventually became the first mission to Pluto. Main article: Exploration of Pluto Early concept art of the New Horizons spacecraft. This "wall" was first detected in 1992 by the two Voyager spacecraft. In August 2018, NASA cited results by Alice on New Horizons to confirm the existence of a " hydrogen wall" at the outer edges of the Solar System. Having completed its flyby of Pluto, New Horizons then maneuvered for a flyby of Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth (then nicknamed Ultima Thule), which occurred on January 1, 2019, when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun. On October 25, 2016, at 21:48 UTC, the last of the recorded data from the Pluto flyby was received from New Horizons. In August 2016, New Horizons was reported to have traveled at speeds of more than 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). On July 14, 2015, at 11:49 UTC, it flew 12,500 km (7,800 mi) above the surface of Pluto, which at the time was 34 AU from the Sun, making it the first spacecraft to explore the dwarf planet. On January 15, 2015, the spacecraft began its approach phase to Pluto. On December 6, 2014, New Horizons was brought back online for the Pluto encounter, and instrument check-out began. Most of the post-Jupiter voyage was spent in hibernation mode to preserve on-board systems, except for brief annual checkouts. The Jupiter flyby provided a gravity assist that increased New Horizons ' speed the flyby also enabled a general test of New Horizons ' scientific capabilities, returning data about the planet's atmosphere, moons, and magnetosphere. After a brief encounter with asteroid 132524 APL, New Horizons proceeded to Jupiter, making its closest approach on February 28, 2007, at a distance of 2.3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles). It is not the fastest speed recorded for a spacecraft, which as of 2021 is that of the Parker Solar Probe. It was the fastest (average speed with respect to Earth) man-made object ever launched from Earth. On January 19, 2006, New Horizons was launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station by an Atlas V rocket directly into an Earth-and-solar escape trajectory with a speed of about 16.26 km/s (10.10 mi/s 58,500 km/h 36,400 mph). It is the fifth space probe to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. Engineered by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), with a team led by Alan Stern, the spacecraft was launched in 2006 with the primary mission to perform a flyby study of the Pluto system in 2015, and a secondary mission to fly by and study one or more other Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) in the decade to follow, which became a mission to 486958 Arrokoth. New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA's New Frontiers program. Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation
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